Day 3. TCA cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation

• in mitochondria
• AcetylCoA (acetyl group) is completely oxidized to CO2.
• energy saved as NAHD, FADH2 and GTP
• no hormonal control as energy need doesn't depend on fed-state
• control mechanism - energy status of the cell
• enzymes in the matrix of the mitochondria, except succinate dehydrogenase (inner membrane)
• electron transport chain creates H+ gradient between two sides of the enner membrane of the mitichondra
• the H+ gradient's energy is used for making ATP

Day 2. Glycolysis

• rate-limiting enzyme - phosphofruktokinase-1

Day 1. Overview of Metabolism

• in well-fed state the main source of energy for liver - excess of amino acids.

Random Facts

Embryology

Neural tube - CNS cells, skeletal motor neurons and axons of preganglionic autonomic neurons; neuroglia: oligodendroglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells.

Neural crest cells - sensory neurons, postganglionic autonomic neurons, Cromaffin cells in adrenal medulla; neuroglia: Scwann cells.

Random Facts

• The dystrophin gene is one of the largest known genes. Dystrophin - a large protein which connects the thin actin filaments to the transmembrane protein beeta-dystroglycan in the sarcolemma.

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (mutations of the dystrohin gene cause the dystrophin be absent from the muscles.

Becker's muscular dystrophy - milder form. Dystrophin is present, but altered or reduced in amount.

Random Facts.

• Active transopr of Na- and K-ions (Na-K-ATPase) is one of the major energy using process in the body. Thus it accounts for a large part of the basal metabolism. On average, it accounts 24% of energy utilized by cells, and in neurons it accounts 70%.

• About 50% of all known drugs work through G-protein-linked receptors.

• Actin is the most abundant protein in the cells. (At times up to 15% of all proteins of a cell). A structural component of microfilaments (thin filaments).